We recently faced this issue, as the server was migrated to virtual and accidentally windows cluster was removed as part of decommission. Box is left out with SQL Server Installation while uninstalling we hit the below error, once the node name was removed it went successful.
Resolution:
1. Remove the entry from regedit.
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.MSSQLSERVER\Cluster:ClusterName
2. Re-run the uninstall from control panel.
Resolution:
1. Remove the entry from regedit.
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.MSSQLSERVER\Cluster:ClusterName
2. Re-run the uninstall from control panel.